# How to Classify Discontinuities

### Quick Overview

• On graphs, the open and closed circles, or vertical asymptotes drawn as dashed lines help us identify discontinuities.
• As before, graphs and tables allow us to estimate at best.
• When working with formulas, getting zero in the denominator indicates a point of discontinuity.
• When working with piecewise-defined functions, check for discontinuities at the transition points where one piece ends and the next begins.

### Examples

##### Example 1

Using the graph shown below, identify and classify each point of discontinuity.

Step 1

The table below lists the location ($$x$$-value) of each discontinuity, and the type of discontinuity.

$$\begin{array}{c|l} {x} & {\mbox{Type}}\\ \hline -7 & \mbox{Mixed}\\ -3 & \mbox{Removable}\\ 2 & \mbox{Jump}\\ 4 & \mbox{Infinite}\\ 6 & \mbox{Endpoint} \end{array}$$

Note that the discontinuity at $$x=-7$$ is both removable (the function value is different from the one-sided limit value) and an endpoint (since the graph is not defined to the left of $$x=-7$$).

##### Example 2

Using the tables below, what type of discontinuity seems to exist at $$x = 5$$?

$$\begin{array}{c|lcc|l} {x} & {f(x)}\\ \hline 4.9 & 8.15\\ 4.99 & 8.015\\ 4.999 & 8.0015\\ 4.9999 & 8.00015\\ 4.99999 & 8.000015\\ \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{c|lcc|l} {x} & {f(x)}\\ \hline 5.1 & 2.4\\ 5.01 & 2.43\\ 5.001 & 2.403\\ 5.0001& 2.4003\\ 5.00001 & 2.40003 \end{array}$$

Step 1

Examine the one-sided limits.

The table on the left tells us $$\lim\limits_{x\to5^-}f(x) \approx 8$$

The table on the right tells us $$\lim\limits_{x\to5^+}f(x) \approx 2.4$$

The tables lead us to believe the one-sided limits are different, so we conclude the function likely has a jump discontinuity at $$x = 5$$.

##### Example 3

Is the function below continuous at its transition point? If not, identify the type of discontinuity occurring there.

$$f(x) = \left\{% \begin{array}{ll} x^2, & x\leq 1\\ x+3, & x > 1 \end{array} \right.$$

Step 1

Identify the transition point(s).

The transition point is at $$x = 1$$ since this is where the function transitions from one formula to the next.

Step 2

Determine the left-hand limit at the transition point.

$$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 1^-} f(x) = \displaystyle\lim_{x\to 1^-} x^2 = 1^2 = 1$$

Step 3

Determine the right-hand limit at the transition point.

$$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 1^+} f(x) = \displaystyle\lim_{x\to 1^+} (x+ 3) = 1 + 3 = 4$$

Since the one-sided limits are different, the function has a jump discontinuity at $$x = 1$$.

##### Example 4

Is the function below continuous at x = 4? If not, identify the type of discontinuity occurring there.

$$f(x) = \left\{% \begin{array}{ll} \sqrt x, & 0\leq x < 4\\ 5,& x = 4\\ 6 - x, & x > 4 \end{array} \right.$$

Step 1

Examine the left-hand limit.

$$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4^-} f(x) = \displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4^-} \sqrt x = \sqrt{4} = 2$$

Step 2

Examine the right-hand limit.

$$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4^+} f(x) = \displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4^+} (6-x) = 6 -4 = 2$$

Step 3

Determine the function value.

$$f(4) = 5$$

The limit exists, and the function exists, but they have different values. The function has a removable discontinuity at $$x = 4$$.

##### Example 5

Without graphing, determine the type of discontinuity the function below has at $$x = 3$$.

$$f(x) = \frac{x^2 + 2x - 15}{x^2-2x-3}$$

Step 1

Evaluate $$f(3)$$

$$f(\blue 3) = \frac{(\blue{3})^2 + 2(\blue{3}) - 15}{(\blue{3})^2-2(\blue{3})-3} = \frac{9 + 6 - 15}{9-6-3} = \frac 0 0$$

The function is undefined at $$x = 3$$, so there is a discontinuity at this point. To determine the type, we will need to evaluate the limit as $$x$$ approaches 3.

Step 2

Since the function has a $$\frac 0 0$$ form at $$x = 3$$, we need to find and divide out the common factors in the numerator and denominator.

$$\frac{x^2 + 2x - 15}{x^2-2x-3} = \frac{(x+5)\blue{(x-3)}}{\blue{(x-3)}(x+1)} = \frac{x+5}{x+1}$$

Step 3

Evaluate the limit of the simpler function as $$x$$ approaches 3.

$$\displaystyle\lim_{\blue{x\to3}} \frac{x+5}{x+1} = \frac{\blue 3 + 5}{\blue 3 + 1} = \frac 8 4 = 2$$

Since the limit exists, but the function value does not, we know the function has is a removable discontinuity at $$x = 3$$.

##### Example 6

Without graphing, determine the type of discontinuity the function below has at $$x = -1$$.

$$f(x) = \frac{x^2 + 2x - 15}{x^2-2x-3}$$

Step 1

Evaluate $$f(-1)$$

$$f(\blue{-1}) = \frac{(\blue{-1})^2 + 2(\blue{-1}) - 15}{(\blue{-1})^2-2(\blue{-1})-3} = \frac{1 - 2 - 15}{1+2-3} = \frac{-16} 0$$

Since we have division by zero, the function doesn't exist at $$x = -1$$. But, the $$\frac n 0$$ form tells us the function is becoming infinitely large as $$x$$ approaches -1.

Note: In order to determine if the limit is infinite, we would need to know which direction the function is going as $$x$$ approached -1. But for the purposes of classifying the discontinuity, it's enough to know the function becomes infinitely large.

The function has an infinite discontinuity at $$x = -1$$.